French New Wave
The French New Wave was a movement that lasted between 1959 to 1964. It all
started with the Cinematheque Francois, an underground organization that would
regularly show older films from around the world. This beget the cine-club, and
by the 1954 there were 100,000 members in 200 clubs. From these clubs several
magazines were created, the most famous of these were L’Ecran Francois, La Revue
du Cinema, Postif, and the world known Cahiers du Cinema. One of the two most
influential people during this time was Alexandre Astruc who declared that, “the
cinema is becoming a means of expression like the other arts before it,
especially painting and the novel. It is no longer a spectacle, a diversion
equivalent to the old boulevard theater...it is becoming, little by little, a
visual language, i.e. a medium in which and by which an artist can express his
thoughts, be they abstract or whatever, or in which he can communicate his
obsessions as accurately as he can today in essay or novel”. What Astruc was
saying , was that the cinema was now as personal as paintings and literature,
instead of just a show. The second and most influential of the two was André
Bazin, who like Astruc believed that the cinema was equal to the novel. Bazin
believed in the long take and the deep focus over the Soviet Montage,
“composition in depth is seen as egalitarian in the sense that everything in the
frame exists with equal clarity, thereby giving the spectator a choice: our eyes
are free to roam from foreground to background and around. It is closer to the
way we perceive in off screen life, and it reintroduces ambiguity into the
structure of the image.” Bazin also championed the Italian Neorealism movement,
for its revolutionary humanism, and it’s on location shooting, improvisational
style, use of non actors, and for it’s long takes.
In 1950’s André Bazin founded
Cahier du Cinema, a magazine that championed the director as Film’s true author.
At Cahier du Cinema, Bazin further developed the theory of director as author of
his film, the Auteur. “Bazin charted the main areas of film studies as we know
them, effectively creating the discipline: authorship, which led Bazin’s
disciples to develop the politique des auteurs.” Cahier du Cinema “brought
together the leading French critics/film enthusiasts of the time- Francois
Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, Eric Rohmer and Jacques Rivette...”
These critics began devouring older movies, mostly silent films like, German
Expressionism, Italian Neorealism, thirties French films and most particularly
American studio films that were banned during Nazi occupation. “Here they
learned to love directors like Howard Hawks and John Ford, the American masters
who were virtually ignored in this country until the French critics made a case
for their artistry.” These critics also made the world aware of Genre. The
examples of genres are the Western films, Gangster films, Musicals, and Film
Noir. But the most important observation was the director as Auteur. “They
championed the director as the auteur, the creator of a personal vision of the
world which progresses from film to film.” These critics began seeing style and
same thematic consistencies in certain film directors, and held them in the
highest light. One of the first scandals in this wave of thought was an article
written by Francois Truffaut in 1954, “A Certain Tendency in the French Cinema.”
In his essay he criticized “the French postwar films that were adopted from
novels and were heavily dependent upon plot and dialogue.” Truffaut also
attacked Jean Delannoy and Rene Clement as they were stopping the growth of film
as art. The final influence on the French New Wave came in 1958.
